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Pierre Laval ((:pjɛʁ laval); 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the time of the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932, and also headed another government from 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. Laval began his career as a socialist, but over time drifted far to the right. Following France's surrender and armistice with Germany in 1940, he also served in the Vichy Regime. He served in a prominent role under Philippe Pétain as the vice-president of Vichy's Council of Ministers from 11 July 1940 to 13 December 1940, and later as the head of government from 18 April 1942 to 20 August 1944. After the liberation of France in 1944, Laval was arrested by the French government under General Charles de Gaulle. In what some historians consider a flawed trial, Laval was found guilty of high treason, and after a thwarted suicide attempt, he was executed by firing squad.〔("Laval Execution" ), ''The Guardian'', 16 October 2008〕 His manifold political activities have left behind a complicated and controversial legacy, and more than a dozen biographies have been written about him. ==Early life== Laval was born 28 June 1883 at Châteldon, Puy-de-Dôme, in the northern part of Auvergne. His father worked in the village as a café proprietor, butcher and postman; he also owned a vineyard and horses. Laval was educated at the village school in Châteldon. At age 15, he was sent to a Paris ''lycée'' to study for his ''baccalauréat''. Returning south to Lyon, he spent the next year reading for a degree in zoology.〔Warner, Geoffrey, ''Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France'', New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968, p. 3〕 Laval joined the Socialists in 1903, when he was living in Saint-Étienne, 62 km southwest of Lyon. "I was never a very orthodox socialist", he said in 1945, "by which I mean that I was never much of a Marxist. My socialism was much more a socialism of the heart than a doctrinal socialism... I was much more interested in men, their jobs, their misfortunes and their conflicts than in the digressions of the great German pontiff."〔Jaffré, Yves-Frédéric, ''Les: Derniers Propos de Pierre Laval'', Paris: Andre Bonne, 1953, p. 55〕 Laval returned to Paris in 1907 at the age of 24. He was called up for military service and, after serving in the ranks, was discharged for varicose veins. In April 1913 he said: "Barrack-based armies are incapable of the slightest effort, because they are badly-trained and, above all, badly commanded." He favoured abolition of the army and replacement by a citizens' militia.〔Privat, Maurice, ''Pierre Laval'', Paris: Editions Les Documents secrets, 1931, pp. 67–8.〕 During this period, Laval became familiar with the left-wing doctrines of Georges Sorel and Hubert Lagardelle. In 1909, he turned to the law. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pierre Laval」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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